Section 3: Factors regulating CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)

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Article	Targeting cancer stem cell pathways for cancer therapy (DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Sections in this Publication
Section	Section 1: Introduction (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 2: The concept of CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 2.1: Biological characteristics of CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 2.2: Isolation and identification of CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3: Factors regulating CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.1: Major transcription factors in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2: Major signaling pathways in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.1: Wnt signaling pathway in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.2: Notch signaling pathway in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.3: Hh signaling pathway in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.4: NF-kappaB signaling pathway in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.5: JAK-STAT signaling pathway (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.6: TGF/SMAD signaling pathway in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.7PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.8: PPAR signaling pathways in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.2.9: Interactions between signaling pathways in CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3: The microenvironment of CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3.1: Vascular niche microenvironments and CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3.2: The hypoxia microenvironment and CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3.3: Tumor-associated macrophages and CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3.4: Cancer-associated fibroblasts and CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3.5: Cancer-associated MSCs and CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3.6: Extracellular matrix and CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 3.3.7: Exosomes in the TME and CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 4: Therapeutic targeting of CSCs (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 4.1: Agents targeting CSC-associated surface biomarkers in clinical trials (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 4.2: Agents targeting CSC-associated signaling pathways in clinical trials (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 4.3: Targeting the CSC microenvironment (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 4.4: CSC-directed immunotherapy (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Section 5: Conclusions and perspectives (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Competing interests (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Section	Bibliography (from DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5)
Named Entities in this Section

From publication: "Targeting cancer stem cell pathways for cancer therapy" published as Signal Transduct Target Ther; 2020 ; 5 8; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0110-5

Section 3: Factors regulating CSCs

CSCs can originate from at least four cell types, including normal stem cells, directed group progenitor cells, mature cells, and the fusion of stem cells and other mutant cells. Therefore, transformed CSCs from normal cells require multiple gene mutations, epigenetic changes, uncontrolled signaling pathways, and continuous regulation of the microenvironment. It is currently believed that there are many similarities between CSCs and embryonic stem (ES) cells, especially regarding their ability to grow indefinitely and self-renew, signaling pathways and some transcription factors. In addition, CSCs exist in the supporting microenvironment, which is vital for their survival. Moreover, the complex interaction between CSCs and their microenvironment can further regulate CSC growth. This section will discuss the effects of transcription factors, signaling pathways, and the microenvironment on CSC survival, apoptosis, and metastasis.